Case Method Essay Example for Free

Case Method EssayThis introduction is intended to provide students with some basic information astir(predicate) the bailiwick method, and guidelines about what they must do to gain the maximum benefit from the method. We begin by taking a brief look at what field studies ar, and how they are utilize in the classroom. Then we discuss what the student needs to do to prepare for a class, and what she can expect during the case discourse. We also explain how student mathematical process is evaluated in a case study based course. Finally, we describe the benefits a student of management can expect to gain through the use of the case method.There is no universally accepted definition for a case study, and the case method means different things to different people. Consequently, all case studies are not structured similarly, and variations abound in terms of style, structure and approach. Case material ranges from small caselets (a few paragraphs to one-two varlets) to short cas es (four to six pages) and from 10 to 18 page case studies to the longer versions (25 pages and above). A case is usually a description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an tax return faced by a person or persons in an organization. 1 In learning with case studies, the student must deal with the situation exposit in the case, in the role of the manager or decision maker facing the situation. An important point to be emphasized here is that a case is not a problem. A problem usually has a unique, correct solution. On the other hand, a decision-maker faced with the situation described in a case can choose between several alternative courses of action, and each of these alternatives may plausibly be supported by logical argument.To put it simply, in that location is no unique, correct answer in the case study method. The case study method usually involves three stages individual preparation, small group discussion, and bad group or class discussion. While both the instructor and the student start with the same information, their roles are clearly different in each of these stages, as shown in Table 1. 1 Michiel R. Leeenders, Louise A. Mauffette-Launders and James Erskine, Writing Cases, (Ivey Publishing, 4th edition) 3. l Learning with Cases Table 1 Teacher and Student Roles in a stiff Case ClassWhen Before Class Teacher Assigns case and often readings Prepares for class May consult colleagues During Class After Class Deals with readings Leads case discussion Evaluates and records student participation Evaluates materials and updates teaching note Student or Participant Receives case and assignment Prepares individually Discusses case in small group Raises questions regarding readings Participates in discussion Compares personal analysis with colleagues analysis. Reviews class discussion for major concepts learned. Source Michiel R.If the stick had the picture of a motorbike, the consumer was ent itled to the second prize, a TVS motorbike. If the print depicted a camera, the customer was entitled to the third prize, a Canon camera. The picture of an ice candy stick won the consumer, the consolation prize of a feed in Jaljeera Blast (actual jaljeera drink, in the form of an ice candy). In 2002, HLL launched an innovative, aggressive and the first of its kind promotional campaign called Ek Din Ka Raja (EDKR). Unlike the previous crop specific campaigns, EDKR covered the entire range of ice creams. Running from March 2002 to May 2002, EDKR was the biggest ever promotional campaign for Kwality Walls.The contest was awarded the Best progress Campaign in India award at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia (PMAA) in Singapore. The promotion also won two more awards in Asia a eloquent for the Best Idea or Concept and a Bronze for the Best use of Direct Marketing out of 97 short listed entries from Singapore, India, 38 Unilever in India Building the Ice Cream Business Philipp ines, China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Korea. 16 The total number of redemptions was close to a million, with each consumer spending a minimum of Rs. 100 to Rs. one hundred twenty-five per redemption. The EDKR contest entitled up to 10 lucky consumers to spend Rs 10 lakhs in a days shopping with their family in Mumbai. They

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Example for Free

Corporate genial Responsibility and Business Law leavenIntroductionOur assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the bodied world by storm rather recently, particularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every skunk faces when they involve to make stopping points regarding the securelys profitability and their corporations social state. The term bodily social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities look at an impact. It was used to describe incorporated owners beyond sh arholders.The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Nevertheless, there remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate reaction to CSR concerns. on that point atomic number 18 different views of the function of the sign in society and disagreement as to w hether wealth maximisation should be the sole goal of a corporation.An escalating number of sh areholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, companionship organizations, and news media are asking companies to be accountable for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and continuously improve their social, environmental, and economic achievement.According to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is outlined as achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.Each troupe is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on much(prenominal) factors as any particular companys size, the particular industry involved, the firms affair culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. round companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most alpha for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerabilityhuman rights or the environment, for examplewhile there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in for each one and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations values and strategic planning, and that the solicitude and employees, both are committed to them. Furtherto a greater extent, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the companys specific corporate objectives and core competencies.As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally addressed by government, alike(p) human rights and society investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are go around solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are seriously ascertained for addressing t hose social problems, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated.According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, there is one and only one social responsibility of airto use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free challenger without deception or fraud. The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking bullion and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and speak toumers, and allocating them check to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the proceeds for social purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the legal power to do so.On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Al though the government is chiefly responsible for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms bay window be substantial. There is also the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and ontogenesis (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their single GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and righteousness for addressing social problems.For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the educateplace, but a company house further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm crumbnot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation states citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have insalubrious effects for a corpo ration. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet.As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and whitethorn force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows.They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in edict to be a sustai nable business practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible happen adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable.Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignmentthe costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues.Therefore, a corporations brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having change magnitude ability to attract capital and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure it is even harder to measure how much it increases a companys value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events.Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in promontory defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information an d advertising campaigns. The scandals about childlabor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account.There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a companys operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to seek more cost-efficient ways of operating.Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company.Companies that improve work conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved qu ality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972).Literature reviewCSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991 Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goalsa world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment (UN, 2006 3). The penetration of the social demesne into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has won the battle of ideas (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted the practices and certifications authorization in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the defensive and the compliance stages of CSR.Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying carriage and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will ask to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs it is about creating disruptive change in the pursuit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economi c and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational sack faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are socially congenial. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002).Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily prodigious their legal duties to take account of social, economic and envir onmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals.The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various c ountries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001).The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social justice (Giddens, 2001 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a resolving power to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and internati onal strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR.MethodologyTo gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the accustomed topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly.How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the selfsame(prenominal) time make profits?Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvest ing or because it maintains a public gracility that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that overture by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits.Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the canonical law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to approve with independent legal cons traints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures.This is particularly essential in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such mastermind is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others.If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or merits taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. situation of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

A Review Of The Novel Alias Grace English Literature Essay

A Review Of The Novel Alias seemliness English books EssayGrace Marks is one of the two accused for the murders of her employer, Mr. Kinnear and his housewife, Nancy. She was sentenced to living im prisonment. Initially she claims that she does non remember what happened at the scene of the crime. Grace is introverted and cautiously chooses what she says so that she does not reveal much schooling well-nigh herself. afterwards Dr. Jordan comes, she opens up a little and tells him her tough childhood and what she remembers most the murders. By the hold affirm of the novel, Grace is pardoned, marries her lover, JamieDr. Simon Jordan is the physician that is to analyze Grace. He is interested in her circumstances and wants to use what he knows nearly psychology to pry as much information from her as possible so that it can be determined whether or not she really is suffering from amnesia. After entering in a kinship with Mrs. Humphrey, his landlady, and the results of Graces h ypnotism, Dr. Jordan becomes disillusioned. He is unable to come to a conclusion and in the end just returns to Europe.bloody shame Whitney is a girl about Graces age who also worked for Mrs. Parkinson. bloody shame is to a greater extent experienced with worldly matters and thus becomes sort of interchangeable a mentor to Grace. It is with Mary that Grace is able to chance upon family. They ar like sisters and become close to each other. She has an affair with Mr. George that ends up in a pregnancy and a failed abortion that takes away her life. Grace seems to care more for Mary than her own mother because when her mom died, she thought twice about using the sheet to cover her. On the other hand, Grace uses her money to provide the dress hat possible funeral for her friend. Supposedly, the spirit of Mary resides in Grace and will come out during hypnotism.Nancy Montgomery is the housemaid of Mr. Thomas Kinnear. When she is first introduced, she is looking for extra help. She i s not as welcoming or friendly as Graces last employer, Mrs. Parkinson. She lookings as though she is superior to Grace. Nancy has an affair with Kinnear and gets jealous of Kinnear when he starts lusting for Grace. She is later found in the cellar, strangled and her throat cut.4. ConflictsOne major conflict in the novel is determining Graces innocence and also her identity.Much of the book is concerned about Grace giving the readers background information about herself and her version of what happened during the time of the murdersThe conflict never gets resolved because Dr. Jordan never comes to a conclusion and just abandons his all of his findings. He does not know what to think after he witnesses the spirit of Mary Whitney possess Graces body.Atwood gives you all of many small pieces and it is up to readers to put everything together and thusly decide whether or not Grace is guilty or not5. Opening chapter or sceneAlias Grace opens with a dream about Nancy, a dream that also occurs again later on in the novel. The year is 1851 and Grace is twenty-four years old.She has been in prison ever since she was sixteen. She tries to be the model prisoner even though life in the penitentiary is described as tough.She tells this dream to Dr. Jordan when they arrive at the part of the story.In the side by side(p) section is a little poem that gives a quick but just aboutwhat inaccurate summary of what has already happened before the novel started.The opening gives round background information about Graces life and also foreshadows many events.6. PlotGrace has been kept at the Kingston Penitentiary when Dr. Jordan comes and performs his project with Grace, the inciting incidentAfter Graces initial reluctance to participate with Dr. Jordan ends, the rising action occurs when Grace relates her past to him. She is an immigrant from Ireland to Canada and suffers from a dysfunctional and poverty-stricken family.Life was hard for her because her father was worthless. Sh e was able to find a job as a housekeeper.While working, she befriends Mary Whitney. She is traumatized when Mary dies because of an unsuccessful abortion and quits her job. She takes up another job with Nancy Montgomery, who works at the Kinnear estateShe also meets James McDermott, another worker under Mr. Kinnear. Nancy and Mr. Kinnear seem to have a relationship together but now Kinnear is paying more attention to Grace. James thinks that Nancy and Kinnear should be killed.Grace then tells Dr. Jordan that James kills them both and then faints when James threatens her. When she awakens, James says that she must keep her part of the deal which implied that she was to go to bed with him.Grace tries to put him off and persuades him to escape to Toronto but they soon get captured.In the climax, Dr. Dupont hypnotizes Graces but instead a spirit comes out formulation that she is not Grace but Mary Whitney. When the trance is broken, Grace comes back but does not remember what happened during the hypnosis.7. ConclusionIn the novels falling action and conclusion, a disoriented and confused Dr. Jordan ceases his investigations and returns back to EuropeGrace is pardoned and released from the penitentiary at the age of forty-five. She ends up marrying her childhood lover, Jaime Walsh and soon gets pregnant.The novel ends with a passage about how Grace will quilt the Tree of Paradise. She will interweave Marys petticoat, her prison nightdress, and Nancys dress altogether.The ending was only somewhat appropriate because it did not really feel as if he flowed with the rest of the story, that it did not belong there. It just seems attached on.8. ThemesOne theme of the novel is gender and feminism in the nineteenth century. Women back then were supposed to act a sealed way. They were to be submissive and modest with the men dominating. Women were also thought to be more petite and moral. This may be a reason why James was executed and why Grace was only sent to prison.A nother theme of the novel is that of sexual practice. This theme seems to be a big driving force in the story. Mary Whitney gets involved in a sexual affair that has big repercussions. While in prison Grace must deal with the verbal abuse and sexual advances of the guards. Grace is accused of having a sexual encounter with Jamie in the orchard. Also when Mrs. Humphreys husband leaves her, she turns to a sexual relationship with Dr. Jordan for comfort. Dr. Jordan, on the other hand has fantasies of Miss Lydia and even Grace. Both Mr. Kinnear and James lust after Grace. Kinnear and Nancy have an affair too. Either way, sexuality plays an important role in the novel.9. Symbols/ArchetypesOne big symbol is that of the quilt. There is both a physical quilt, the one that Grace is working on, and a psychical quilt. Each time Dr. Jordan examines Grace, it seems if as though another piece of Graces life and identity are sewed onto a quilt. All of the little intricate bits and memories are s titched together make up the whole quilt and there are also different ways to look at and interpret quilts. In addition, the title of each chapter is a name of a real quilting design.Another symbol may be that apples. They could symbolize the truth and knowledge. It could also personify the apple in the Garden of Eden. Grace could symbolize Eve, who was manipulated by something evil and then was punished for it.10. Parallel events/parallel worksAlias Grace is correspondent to the story of the Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gillman. Both works of literature were about psychiatric care. Women were the protagonist in both stories. Also both women were marooned from other people, one in an asylum, another in a lonely room.The dream that Grace describes in the opening chapter makes another appearance in the pump of the novel. In it, Grace sees Nancy with blood all over her face.Alias Grace is the retelling of the real story of Grace Marks. It is a historical fiction novel though, so s ome aspects such as the character of Dr. Simon Jordan are made up.11. StyleAtwood rarely uses quotations in this novel. This makes the text more confusing as to who is talking and thinking which thoughts. This does emphasize the ambiguity of Graces life and her account of the murdersIn addition to the lack of punctuation, Grace also uses the word could very often. This makes it seems like she is making up some of the details, that what she says is conditionalThe story is presented from the point of view of GracesAt the beginning of each chapter, Atwood uses a real historical article and/or a quote that describes something about Grace to introduce the next section.To highlight the quilt theme, Atwood also names each chapter after a genuine quilting pattern and even provides a small picture of the design.12. Significant linesI would rather be a murderess than a murderer, if those are the only choices (23) showing feminist attitudeslike passing through the gates of Hell and into Para dise (447) when she left the penitentiary and went off into the real worldand that is the same with all quilts, you can see them two different ways, by looking at the dark pieces, or else the light (162) there are always more than one way to look at things in life and everything has a dark and light sideMurderess is a strong word to have attached to you (27) she has a label attached to her and it makes her think a certain wayAnd so we will all be together (460) the last line of the novel, Grace will all of the remnants of her past onto one quilt so that she can look at it and move on

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Human Resource Management

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Human Resource ManagementIntroductionTodays thriftiness is experiencing its ups and d owns very readily rising competitiveness and fast changing technologies wee-wee pressure to the companies that want to stay at the top of their market places. This is non going to easy down, so the need for tools of success is arising. At the same time we ar moving away from the Morris and Kuratko (2002) belief that entrepreneurs are born, not made. That is wherefore the wanting, believing, hoping, planning must(prenominal) be followed by doing. As already Confucius said When it is obvious that the lasts tail assemblynot be reached, dont adjust the goals, adjust the action steps. It is time for action and one form of it that suits contrary businesses nowadays is corporate entrepreneurship (CE).Stated by Sharma and Chrisman (1999), corporate entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or group of individuals, in association with an existing organiz ation, create a modern organization or instigate re new(a)al or existence within that organization. There are clutchs of definitions for CE nowadays, that all of them do not change the fact that CE is a tool for differentiation and competitive advantage in todays economy.Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) and Human Resource Management (HRM)A lot of researches, studies were conducted in order to discover the inevitable truth that CE positively affects the performance of a fraternity it creates competitive advantages, helps to differentiate, adapt to new or quickly changing markets, and deal with external and internal challenges. As CE is seen as a multifaceted tool, the intensity of CE in an organization can be described by five different dimensions identified in a meta-analysis by Saly (2001) innovativeness, risk propensity, proactiveness, corporate venturing and self-renewal. When creating an organizational twist, as well as wrong civilisation, these dimensions should be a sca le measuring the future success of a friendship. Dealing with the globalization and fast moving changes, a high society must scram risks, be proactive and strive for innovation. Nurturing these traits, adapting to the environment (self-renewal) and cherishing creation of something valuable that generates returns are CE key success factors in the economy of today.Of course no CE can be fostered without Human Capital. In order to become an innovative, entrepreneurial organization need the knowledge, skills, experience the benignant ceiling can depart. This is why HC should be one of the to the highest degree important and valuable asset for every organization. Investing in HC will be a first step towards create and encouraging the entrepreneurial direction of the overall federation.As from the employee-organization relations (EOR) literature (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002), the strongest influencers of employee affect are the organizations leaders. Their HRM practices can v aluably contribute to effective stirment of CE. Different HRM techniques can create a suitable inside culture for an organization to become innovative, flexible and more entrepreneurial. Therefore EOR strengthened with HRM practice can become an expeditious tool for creating a collective entrepreneurial atmosphere inside any organization.HRM practices fostering CE inside the companyHRM practices should be an important driver of CE beca utilization it involves organizational learning driven by collaboration, creativity, and individual commitment (Kaya, 2006). To foster CE in a company the first task is the internal culture and environment. Following different studies conducted on the topic of CE and HRM practices, how to establish a suitable internal environment for intrapreneurship seems to be based on these organizational arrangements/managerial toolsStaff selection the objective of staff selection is to form an appropriate resource base of human capital to foster entrepreneuria l activity.As the human capital of any company is one of the most important facilitators of CE, selective hiring can be a tool for influencing the CE aim. The selection criteria should fit the organizations culture, be in line with the CE dimensions and reflect the needs of the company.During the process of selecting staff it is beneficial to think about the skills are needed in the industry the company operates, how the employees could serve together and create a brain trust. Emphasizing the team spirit is very important, because the emphasis on collective entrepreneurship is growing. New members should have new ideas and complement the staff by being different and experts of their own sphere. New management staff should have relevant KSAOs, be creative, strive for action and be appurtenant. Finally, a possibility to grow in ones own career should likewise be seen during this process, because it will serve as a motivation tool and foster better environment in the company.Manage ment support the positive attitude as well as encouragement of the higher hierarchy levels of the company for generating and developing new business ideas.Management support is important because it indicates the willingness of the managers to facilitate, promote and institutionalize the entrepreneurial spirit and activity within the organizations outline and processes (Hornsby at al., 2002) which would encourage the intrapreneurs to oblige in innovative projects. If the organization provides support and some autonomy it can then count on the commitment coming from employees. Still coordinating the use of resources, contributing to the fulfillment of the separate individual suggestions or efforts will end up with an increase of overall efficiency.Management support for problem solving and negate resolution in the intrapreneurship process is required in the idea generation, development, and particularly implementation (execution) stages of the ideas (Damanpour, 1991). This will p ositively influence a corporations entrepreneurial behavior and enhance potential intrapreneurs perceived trustworthiness to their corporations in terms of detecting opportunities and willingness to develop novel or useful ideas and or projects and to take risks to actualize them (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). Internal supportive environment, margin for risk taking to their intrapreneurs, and a high quality HC will contribute to the innovative performance.As an example could be taken the companys 3M approach this company understood and experienced that capable and motivated employees can turn the company into a profitable innovative and successful organization. That is why the management was trying to create an environment that supports individual entrepreneurship a climate that stimulates ordinary people to produce extraordinary performances.Allocation of free time provision of sufficient time to work on developing novelties without any burden of routine workload. Delivery of fr ee time inevitably encourages employees to take risks for putting their novel ideas into practice. When given time for convincing the management level about your project success, employees are not so distracted from their main duties and usually show more commitment towards the company.Organizational structure should be convenient concerning decentralization level or decision-making autonomy.Employees should have the opportunity to express and suggest their ideas easily. The suitable decentralization level differs among every company, but it is a tool to become more flexible, innovative, and active suit the dimensions of CE. If organization provides autonomy for employees who actually carry out the work, this will stimulate their commitment to act in the topper way for the company. Having a balanced relationship between autonomy and discipline creates an environment where employees can act, take weighted risks and innovate towards successful outcomes of the company. Companies tha t are becoming rigid really slow down all the innovative processes as well as cannot implement all of the possibleWindows User2010-12-28T200900 model exampleimprovements.When mentation about new ventures, projects in order to boost the competitive advantage and profitability of the company it is important they fit the organization in terms of scene and organizational structure. There is a possibility to foster integrated or separate CE.Taking the example of the company Polaroid, one can see that the affect of bureaucracy, biases and downsizing was a big obstacle for nurturing inside entrepreneurship. The company was big-sized and stagnant, becoming a market follower. In such cases, when an organization becomes rigid, does not answer market needs mostly because of the compilation, slow processes CE must be fostered and implemented. One of the first steps should be an entrepreneurial-oriented structure that allocates the power of decision making not to the higher level employers, but takes into account the employees who know the most about the projects being undertaken.In the case of Lucent (a telecommunication equipment manufacturer), their New Venture stem formed a separate organizational entity. In this way it does not suffer from the bureaucratic rules of the parent company, still can use the support needed, creates its own inside environment and culture that can foster CE more easily. That is why, when forming new entrepreneurial project each company has to evaluate its fit in the organization.Usually small projects are of better use inside the company they can be accessible for all employees, motivate them to work on their projects too, but at the same time not to be too distracted from the mainstream of the company. An example of such an approach would be the case of the company Ohio Bell. Windows User2010-12-30T103900PatikrintiIncentives and rewards handiness of a performance based reward schema encouraging innovativeness is a way to foster entre preneurship among employees.If the management tries to convince the employees to act like intrapreneurs, it must besides be willing to pay them as entrepreneurs (Thornberry, 2003). Having trust in the rewarding system boosts the employee commitment, willingness to take risks and reveal the projects that could benefit both sides. A reward system that is based on achievements in innovation projects, may lead the brightest and most ambitious players to avoid innovation projects with uncertain outcomes.Building a reward system shows a positive attitude towards the employees and can significantly increase their motivation to benefit the organization. It is important to see the reward practices as a long-term thing, brace resources available and not punish the employees straight after the first failure of an entrepreneurial project.Failure or errors perimeter in case of creative undertakings or risky project implementations.Such showed tolerance together with managerial support is a s trong tool creating positive environment for CE. A conservative managerial attitude will block the willingness to innovate and cause lack of confidence of the employees. In order to overcome the possible frustration, organization should support the human capital even during failures and continue investing in the projects that have high potential. Taking failures as an inevitable step towards success will help to maintain the level of confidence for further innovations and profitable ideas.Of course, in order not to lose control and take healthy risks, companys should build an organizational mechanism to decide which innovation projects are likely to bear fruits and which should be cast aside without having trial-errors. Windows User2010-12-28T205200Case exampleFor example, a well known company 3M implemented a more disciplined approach to defining, selecting and funding projects. Instead of running 100 of them as earlier, the process shifted to 12 projects from which 10 are expected to be successful. In this way companies are more oriented, quickly reacting and can create true competitive advantages through expedient CE.Training and development appropriate abilities can be acquired through rearing and development strongest results towards boosting CE. Training can overcome the factors that decrease employees job performance and satisfaction. Staff development seen as activities that increase employees qualifications and performance at all hierarchical levels through education, career management, and work structure. All these practices can promote entrepreneurial behavior and improve the environment in the company.Windows User2010-12-28T215300Case exampleTraining programs should be oriented towards building useful CE skills, fostering the dimensions of it inside the company change acceptance, willingness to take risks, assume responsibility, and the value of teamwork and shared out achievements. Training activities that enforce interpersonal skills should b e fostered. Also training that supports creativity will strengthen innovativeness and potentially strengthen self-renewal and new business development. Finally training on how to transfer new ideas into business will lead to higher intensity for risk propensity and proactiveness.For effective training, programs should fit the companys strategy and work process. To afford their full effect on CE, expert knowledge, social competence, creativity, and methodical expertise are especially important to be considered.Specialist assignment specialists can seek and estimate specific problems earlier and thus identify needs for modifications more quickly.As CE is more often seen as a collective process, kinda of putting the emphasis on one individual, firms must encourage cooperation among specialists to increase successful innovation processes. This is stressed because as environment impacts on organizational behaviors it is in any case seen in change of relationships between employees a nd employer or managers inside the organization. In order to become competitive and innovative, firms have to adopt new strategies, as well as different employee-organization relationship (EOR) patterns. The importance of this is significantly growing, because corporate entrepreneurship involves not only product innovation, risk taking or proactive responses to environmental forces, but also organizational learning, driven by collaboration and commitment. Here the collaboration of specialists could be seen as a link between employees, managers and their potential to foster corporate entrepreneurship together.As it can be observed in the Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG (SNI), a company that confronted financial and inside environment problems with a program called Change doer Program, managerial support, concentrated staff selection and employee training and development are the tools that foster corporate entrepreneurship spirit and help to overcome the downturn a company can experience.The Change Agent program looked to replace Siemens Nixdorfs rigid corporate hierarchy with a more flexible and entrepreneurial attitude that would be more responsive to market demands. The company operated in a very competitive European market, was undermanaged and over consulted. As the employees at SNI experienced restructuring at the company during the early 1990s and four years of losses, the inside culture was far away from a company one could call innovative and lead intellection (as the ones operating in IT industry in US). The program though was focused on employees, emphasizing the importance of the people at the company and expanding the opportunities open to them.The goal of the 13 week program was to build an understanding of business fundamentals and business change along three dimensions customer, competitiveness and culture. It combined presentations, discussions, workshops, case studies, best practice site visits, internships, and coach research. An impo rtant goal was to provide participants with new perspectives about their projects and give them the know-how to implement them upon return to the company. The programs aimed to have the sponsors (each member had two of them) provide leadership, guidance and support in order to help them achieve their project goals. This is also an example that specialists assistance is a tool fostering corporate entrepreneurship and meliorate the employees input. It was also aiming to help find innovative ways to approach and implement their projects.Each participant of the program had a project drawn from the area that concludes the most important challenges the company faces which were fostered by the program and implemented upon the employees return to SNI. Although the 21 Change Agents had varying degrees of success, it was clear that they played a role in hotheaded SNI to profitability in the 1994 1995 fiscal year (for the first time in the companys history). That was reflected in the decis ion by the SNI Executive Board to perpetuate the Program on an annual basis.Such training and development programs foster collective and individual entrepreneurship inside the company. This example shows how important it is that such tools would fit the aim and strategy of the social unit company. By addressing the right problems, training the right people (at SNI they were thoroughly selected) this training program helped the company to enhance the communication within the company, improve its international operations, flexibleness and determine new possible directions. The employees felt the more entrepreneurial spirit of the companys culture and were able to channel their enthusiasm for changes and revitalization, feel more responsibility, and support what receptive the ways for their projects.ConclusionsTrends in the global economy require established companies to become more and more entrepreneurial in order to handle uncertainty and environmental dynamism.The studies provide positive relationships between HRM practices and CE. HR practices are a source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations. CE-related HR practices are unique to the extent that competitors cannot sham them. There must be support from HR practices consistent with that particular culture and consistent with what is needed from employees. The key factor is determining what is needed from employees to be effective at CE. Once this is determined, the firm can describe the specific HR practices the organization needs to use.Conclusions HRM practices play a significant role in fostering and maintaining high levels of CE. Companies should focus on the HRM practices of staff selection, staff development and training, and staff rewards that align employee motivation and entrepreneurial firm development.Support, tolerance, and reward are launch to be related to innovativeness, while work discretion and time allocation are not. Considering the combined effects of all the OS factors , managerial support and tolerance for risk taking have still exerted significant effects on innovativeness. That is why firms should invest to build such an organizational milieu where first, support and tolerance exist to a large extent. On the other side, organizations firstly should spend less time and money on rewards and empowerment, and more on recruiting and training managers to be supportive and hold a philosophy that failure is a stepping-stone to success.

The Effects Of Farming On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Farming On The Environment Environmental Sciences EssayBy 5000 BC the Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large-scale intensifier cultivation of land,mono-cropping, organizedirrigation, and the use of a specialized hollow force.Intensive horticulture orintensive agricultureis an agricultural system that aims to produce maximum yield from available land. Besides, its also anagriculturalproduction system characterized by the high inputs ofcapital,labour or heavy usage of technologies much(prenominal) aspesticidesand chemicalfertilizersrelative to land ara. You could say food is produced in large quantities with the help of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The products such as eggs, meat and many agricultural products available in many supermarkets are produced using modern intensive estate. Intensive farming is practiced wide by many of the developed economies of the world. Sustainable intensive farming, intensive aquaculture, intensi ve live stock farming and managed intensive grazing fall under intensive farming.Environment issues of Intensive FarmingIntensive farming may bring some issues to the environment. For instance-Intensive farming includes the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.It is also associated with everyplacepopulated creature farms, which are often associated with pollution and animal sickness. And even more disturbing is the fact that the majority of working farms use intensive farming. This means more chemicals on our plate at each meal.The use of such grassive amounts of nitrogen based fertilizers contaminates the area lakes and rivers.Forests are destroyed to create large open field and this could lead to soil erosion and affects natural habits in the forest.The pesticides sprayed on crops destroy pests, contaminate the crops and kill good insects. Eventually, these chemicals are passed on to the human beings. The fruits and vegetables bought from farms that promote intensive farming are covered with invisible pesticide. These are not easily washed off. The residue of the pesticide affect the health of human beings.Use of pesticides has numerous damaging health effects on workers who applied those, people that live nearby the area of application or downstream from it and consumers who eat the pesticides which remain on their food. intense FARMING IN MALAYSIA neckcloth farming in Sabah once seen as backyard farming and pose no threat to the environment, but with the rapid development in the livestock industry, particularly in monogastric subsector, coupled with rapid expansion of urban and peri-urban area, livestock farming has wrench the critical issue. Excessive livestock abscond as a result of intensive farming system need to be addressed. Although animal waste can be utilized as a muck to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, it can also cause environmental hazard if not managed properly. It can c aused malodour or odour nuisance to environment, go on water contamination, secondary pollution and also religious sensitivity. circuit card 1. Estimated Livestock Population of Sabah, 1999SpeciesNumber (Head)Cattle44,837Buffalo50,741Goat37,285Sheep1,900Pig100,000Chicken3,400,000 block113,000Source (Anon.1999b)Livestock SpeciesPopulationWaste Produce (m.t.) per YearPoultry2.4 millions178,000Duck0.5 millions55,000Pig85,000248,000Cattle/Buffalo97,0001,416,000Goat/Sheep38,00070,000Total1,967,000Source (Mokhtar and Chia, 2000)Table 2. Total livestock population and the wastes produced per yearThe rapid growth of the livestock industry caused on environmental problem-related to the livestock waste generated from the intensive farming system. Livestock waste generated from an extensive or semi extensive farming system does not seem to cause any major environmental problem as shown in table 2, cattle or buffalo wastes amount to 1.4 million metric ton compare to pig bed wastes about 248,0 00 metric ton. The problem is merely aggravated with the rapid development of the urban and peri-urban area where most of the livestock farms are situated. The total livestock population and the waste produced per year for selected animal is illustrated in Table 2.Environmental problems cause by livestock farmingWater PollutionMain environmental problem cause by livestock farming is water pollution, according to The Malaysian Environmental Quality Report, 12 rivers in the state were polluted with ammoniac nitrogen (NH3-N) due to livestock farming and municipal wastes in 1997. Water pollution cause by livestock farming occurred due to malfunction of waste lagoon or accidentally spill over from flooded lagoon or deliberate flushing of wastes directly into river system. Water may turn reddish brown and may destroy the fragile ecosystem. Pollution from nutrients contained in animal manure, namely phosphorous and nitrogen is one of the most serious problems, leading to excess algae gro wth, robbing water of oxygen which may lead to mass destruction of fish.Air pollutionThe anaerobic decomposition of stored animal wastes generates various volatile metabolic compounds of which a dozen contributes to odour, in particular hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. These can cause continuous denotation of strong, persistent and unreasonably offensive hog/poultry odours. The resulting of air pollution is interfering with surrounding areas. Air pollution in the form of ammonia nitrogen can cause respiratory illness in the neighborhood up to two miles away from the site.Potential source of diseasesBeside serious environmental problem, animal waste also may become a source of various diseases such as infectious worm larvae hatched from the worm eggs passed out with the faeces contamination encrusted with organic matter is an ideal breeding ground of harmful bacteria. Arthropods such as flies, lice, fleas that are attracted by animal waste may trigger outbreak of infectious dis eases, because they are the vectors to transmit diseases such as viruses, rickettsiae, protozoa and helminthes.WAYS TO PREVENT there are several ways to prevent Environmental problems cause by livestock farming, fr instance-To minimize environment problem caused by pig waste there should be proper animal waste management system such as improving the housing adopting by the Pit load System and Concrete Floor unit.The adoption of the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBBR) with an Automation, which is waste water treatment system with the function of stirring, aeration and settling.To reduce the odour emitted from farm, a remnant housing system with regulated ventilation is used. Thats mean, by using high efficiency fans at one end of the building fresh air is sucked ion from orthogonal environment passing through the cooling pad to reduce the temperature before being delivered into the building.Livestock Farming Rules, 2001. In the meantime the Department of Veterinary operate and Animal Industry is well aware of the need to control and rectify irregularities in the livestock farming practices. Base on this, Livestock Farming Rules, 2000 (Draft) was introduced. This principle was created under the existing Animal Ordinance 1962 (Amended 1998). Under this legislation, all livestock farms shall be operated under the permit of Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry, Sabah (DOVSAI). stopping pointIntensive farming orintensive agricultureis an agricultural system characterized by the high inputs ofcapital,labour or heavy usage of technologies such aspesticidesand chemicalfertilizersrelative to land area. Intensive farming is practiced widely by many of the developed economies of the world. However, it may bring disadvantages to our environment.Livestock farming has become the critical issue. The rapid growth of the livestock industry in Sabah caused on environmental problem-related to the livestock waste generated from the intensive farming system. Exces sive livestock waste as a result of intensive farming system need to be addressed. If not managed properly, it can caused malodour or odour nuisance to environment, uprise water contamination, secondary pollution and also religious sensitivity.RERERENCEShttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farminghttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-for-intensive-farming.htmlhttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-for-intensive-farming.htmlhttp//www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0l.htmhttp//kb.rspca.org.au/RSPCA-Policy-B2-Intensive-farming-practices_165.htmlhttp//www.sabah.gov.my/jpas/news/SITE/SITEppr12.pdfWater pollution in a rural stream due to farming activity APPENDIXCUsersEnd_UserPicturesuntitled.bmpphoto06.jpgPesticides driftThe use of pesticides in agricultureCUsersEnd_UserDesktopimage.jpg

One Scary Night :: essays research papers

The One alarming NightOnce upon a time thither was a girl and a boy that lived in a sm each(prenominal) town of Roughville. They were best friends. They did every thing together sleep, eat, just everything. There were about 700 people in the Roughville. Most of which were hard workers in the town next to Roughville. This is was where exclusively the businesses were located and most of the people worked in that location. So most of the times they were left alone with the caregiver. Jack and Katie usually got up virtually 9 oclock to go and see what Katie was up to and they would got outside and play at the woods over by the end of town. One sidereal day during the summer they went on there usually route and went into the wood. Walking somewhat having a good time they heard a weird noise and all of a sudden stop and shut up trying not to make a noise. After they stopped and listen to what they heard they heard a man talking sometime. But who every the other person was didnt mak e a sound but some type of deep reluctant whisper but it was not English. Then they heard the noise start walking again but this time walking straight towards them. So they ran there fastest to their house and ran to their room and started talking about was happen. Jacks caregivers LaKisha came into the room and ask what was going on coming in the house and path straight towards your room. What is wrong, said LaKisha. Then Jack and Katie started to tell what happen and LaKisha didnt believe was they were saying and told them not to lie and not to go back in the woods ever again. So later that day Jack and Katie when back into the woods to look nearly to see if they could find any clues so they could manifest LaKisha. Walking well-nigh in the bushes Jack thought he saw something up ahead. He stopped and told Katie what was going on. She said that she saw it too. So they two walked up to what they saw and as they got closer and closer they saw that it was a old rusted and beat u p house. So they went up to the house and looked around to see what was in the house. They couldnt see any thing and it was getting dark outside and they started to leave and they would come back another time.One Scary Night essays research papers The One Scary NightOnce upon a time there was a girl and a boy that lived in a small town of Roughville. They were best friends. They did every thing together sleep, eat, just everything. There were about 700 people in the Roughville. Most of which were hard workers in the town next to Roughville. This is was where all the businesses were located and most of the people worked there. So most of the times they were left alone with the caregiver. Jack and Katie usually got up around 9 oclock to go and see what Katie was up to and they would got outside and play at the woods over by the end of town. One day during the summer they went on there usually route and went into the wood. Walking around having a good time they heard a weird noise and all of a sudden stop and shut up trying not to make a noise. After they stopped and listen to what they heard they heard a man talking sometime. But who every the other person was didnt make a sound but some type of deep reluctant whisper but it was not English. Then they heard the noise start walking again but this time walking straight towards them. So they ran there fastest to their house and ran to their room and started talking about was happen. Jacks caregivers LaKisha came into the room and ask what was going on coming in the house and cut straight towards your room. What is wrong, said LaKisha. Then Jack and Katie started to tell what happen and LaKisha didnt believe was they were saying and told them not to lie and not to go back in the woods ever again. So later that day Jack and Katie when back into the woods to look around to see if they could find any clues so they could provide LaKisha. Walking around in the bushes Jack thought he saw something up ahead. He sto pped and told Katie what was going on. She said that she saw it too. So they some(prenominal) walked up to what they saw and as they got closer and closer they saw that it was a old rusted and beat up house. So they went up to the house and looked around to see what was in the house. They couldnt see any thing and it was getting dark outside and they started to leave and they would come back another time.

The Truth About Partial-Birth Abortion :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

The Truth About Partial-Birth Abortion   Three Works cited    On June 28, 2000, Justice Clarence doubting Thomas of the US Supreme Court explained a partial-birth abortion in his dissent re the courts ruling which overturned Nebraskas ban on such abortions After dilating the cervix, the doc will grab the foetus by its feet and pull the fetal body out of the uterus into the vaginal cavity. At this stage of development, the transport is the largest part of the body. . . . the head will be held inside the uterus by the womans cervix. While the fetus is stuck in this position, dangling partly out of the womans body, and just a few inches from a completed birth, the physician uses an instrument such as a pair of scissors to tear or perforate the skull. The physician will then either crush the skull or will use a vacuum to remove the brain and other intracranial contents from the fetal skull, collapse the fetus head, and pull the fetus from the uterus. (Thomas)   Jus tic Thomas statement describes the surrealistic administration of partial-birth abortion, or the near-complete delivery and then puncture-killing of the baby. Most peoples consciences do not disturb them re this procedure because they do not to the full understand that the killing occurs when the baby has been almost entirely delivered. A fully viable baby is killed   Regarding this approach to abortion, a common misunderstanding is reflected by a corrective letter to the Editor of the Wall Street diary on May 14, 2001, which attempted to right certain wrong statements from a Journal member about partial-birth abortion   The Journal has informed its readers that partial-birth abortion is a rare procedure, typically performed when the life of the mother is at risk, or the fetus is determined to construct severe abnormalities (Drive to Ban Abortion Procedure Slows, April 27.) But those claims, fabricated by pro-abortion advocacy groups in 1995, had been thoroughly discredi ted by early 1997.   The Journal said that critics . . . contend the procedure sometimes is used in less dire circumstances. Actually, it was abortionists and their paid spokespersons who admitted that partial-birth abortion is routinely used for purely elective abortions, normally in the fifth and sixth months of pregnancy. For example, Ron Fitzsimmons, executive director of the National Coalition of Abortion Providers, told The New York Times that in the vast majority of cases, the procedure is performed on a healthy mother with a healthy fetus (Feb.